NCERT Geography Class 9 Chapter 4 | Factors Affecting India’s Climate Notes & PDF

Topics Covered

Topic covered: Factors Affecting India’s Climate and MCQs Questions: Climate (All single detail notes are exam-oriented).

We have discussed in-depth and exam-oriented pointers that can be asked in the board exam of class 9th about the “Factors Affecting India’s Climate” from the NCERT Geography notes for class 9th chapter 4 “Climate“.

Download the NCERT Geography for Class 9th Chapter 4 Climate Notes PDF

NCERT Geography for Class 9th Chapter 4 – Climate Notes & MCQ’s Question-Answer – E-book NCERT

The Climate chapter of Class 9 Geography explores the factors that influence India’s diverse weather patterns. These notes explain major elements like temperature, rainfall, pressure, and wind systems, along with concepts such as monsoons, seasons, and climatic controls. Students will also find clear points on why different regions in India experience varied climates and how these patterns affect daily life and agriculture. The PDF is designed to make revision easy with concise summaries, diagrams, and exam-ready pointers. Download the NCERT Geography Class 9 Chapter 4 Climate Notes PDF to prepare effectively and build a solid understanding of this topic.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate

Latitude

1. Tropic of Cancer in India:

Passes through the middle of the country.
Extends from Rann of Kuchchh (west) to Mizoram (east).

2. South of Tropic of Cancer:

Covers almost half of India.
Lies in the tropical zone.

3. North of Tropic of Cancer:

Remaining part of India lies in the sub-tropical zone.

4. Climatic Characteristics:

India’s climate shows both tropical and sub-tropical features due to its latitudinal extent.

Altitude

1. Mountains in the North:

Average height of about 6,000 metres.

2. Coastal Areas:

Maximum elevation is about 30 metres.

3. Role of Himalayas:

Act as a barrier against cold winds from Central Asia.

4. Climatic Impact:

Due to the Himalayas, the Indian subcontinent has comparatively milder winters than Central Asia.

Pressure and Winds

1. Governing Atmospheric Conditions in India’s Climate:

Climate and weather are governed by:
a. Pressure and surface winds
b. Upper air circulation
c. Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones

2. General Wind System over India:

India lies in the region of northeasterly winds.
These winds:
a. Originate from the subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere.
b. Blow southwards, deflected to the right due to the Coriolis force.
c. Move towards the equatorial low-pressure area.
They carry little or no moisture as they blow over land.
Hence, India should have been arid, but other factors change this (explained later).

3. Seasonal Pressure and Wind Conditions:

Winter Conditions:
a. A high-pressure area develops north of the Himalayas.
b. Cold, dry winds blow from this region to low-pressure areas over southern oceans.
Summer Conditions:
a. A low-pressure area develops over interior Asia and northwestern India.
b. This causes reversal of winds.
c. Winds blow from high-pressure area of the southern Indian Ocean in a southeasterly direction,
i. Cross the equator,
ii. Turn right due to Coriolis force,
iii. Move towards low-pressure areas of Indian subcontinent.
d. These are called Southwest Monsoon Winds.
e. They blow over warm oceans, gather moisture, and bring widespread rainfall in India.

4. Coriolis Force:

An apparent force caused by earth’s rotation.
Deflects winds:
a. Right in the Northern Hemisphere.
b. Left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Also known as Ferrel’s Law.

Next & Previous Topics of NCERT/CBSE Geography Class 9 Chapter 4: Climate

Topics No.	Topics Name
1	Climatic Controls
2	Factors Affecting India’s Climate
3	The Seasons
4	Distribution Of Rainfall
5	Monsoon As A Unifying Bond

MCQs on NCERT Geography Class 9 Chapter 4 Topic – Factors Affecting India’s Climate

Here are the top exam-oriented MCQ-type questions on “Factors Affecting India’s Climate” that you should prepare for your CBSE or state board exams:

Question 1. The Tropic of Cancer passes through India from:

a) Gujarat to Assam
b) Rann of Kuchchh to Mizoram
c) Rajasthan to Nagaland
d) Punjab to Tripura

Answer: b) Rann of Kuchchh to Mizoram

Question 2. Almost half of India lying south of the Tropic of Cancer belongs to:

a) Temperate area
b) Subtropical area
c) Tropical area
d) Polar area

Answer: c) Tropical area

Question 3. The area north of the Tropic of Cancer in India lies in:

a) Tropical region
b) Subtropical region
c) Polar region
d) Equatorial region

Answer: b) Subtropical region

Question 4. India’s climate has characteristics of:

a) Only tropical climate
b) Only subtropical climate
c) Both tropical and subtropical climates
d) Temperate climate

Answer: c) Both tropical and subtropical climates

Question 5. Average height of mountains to the north of India is about:

a) 3,000 m
b) 4,500 m
c) 6,000 m
d) 8,000 m

Answer: c) 6,000 m

Question 6. Maximum elevation in India’s vast coastal areas is about:

a) 15 metres
b) 20 metres
c) 30 metres
d) 60 metres

Answer: c) 30 metres

Question 7. Which mountain range prevents the cold winds from Central Asia from entering India?

a) Western Ghats
b) Himalayas
c) Aravallis
d) Vindhyas

Answer: b) Himalayas

Question 8. Why does India experience milder winters compared to Central Asia?

a) Due to tropical location
b) Due to long coastline
c) Due to Himalayas blocking cold winds
d) Due to monsoon winds

Answer: c) Due to Himalayas blocking cold winds

Question 9. The climate and weather conditions in India are governed by:

a) Only monsoons
b) Ocean currents
c) Pressure, surface winds, upper air circulation, western cyclones & tropical cyclones
d) Only altitude and latitude

Answer: c) Pressure, surface winds, upper air circulation, western cyclones & tropical cyclones

Question 10. India lies in the region of:

a) South-westerly winds
b) Northeasterly winds
c) Westerlies
d) Easterlies

Answer: b) Northeasterly winds

Question 11. Northeasterly winds originate from:

a) Subtropical high-pressure belt of the southern hemisphere
b) Subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere
c) Equatorial low-pressure belt
d) Oceanic pressure zones

Answer: b) Subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere

Question 12. Northeasterly winds blow:

a) Northwards
b) Southwards
c) Eastwards
d) Westwards

Answer: b) Southwards

Question 13. Winds get deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere due to:

a) Ocean currents
b) Coriolis force
c) Altitude difference
d) Rainfall pattern

Answer: b) Coriolis force

Question 14. Generally, northeasterly winds bring:

a) Heavy rainfall
b) Moderate rainfall
c) Little or no rainfall
d) Snowfall

Answer: c) Little or no rainfall

Question 15. If northeasterly winds carry little moisture, India should have been:

a) Tropical
b) An arid land
c) A desert island
d) An equatorial region

Answer: b) An arid land

Question 16. During winter, a high-pressure area develops:

a) Over southern Indian Ocean
b) Over Arabian Sea
c) North of Himalayas
d) Over Bay of Bengal

Answer: c) North of Himalayas

Question 17. During summer, a low-pressure area develops over:

a) Southern Indian Ocean and Africa
b) Interior Asia and northwestern India
c) Arabian Sea and Himalayas
d) Equator and Bay of Bengal

Answer: b) Interior Asia and northwestern India

Question 18. The complete reversal of wind direction during summer leads to:

a) Retreating monsoon
b) Onset of southwest monsoon
c) Cyclonic storms
d) Winter rains

Answer: b) Onset of southwest monsoon

Question 19. The winds from the southern Indian Ocean that cross the equator and turn right are called:

a) Westerlies
b) Easterlies
c) Southwest monsoon winds
d) Trade winds

Answer: c) Southwest monsoon winds

Question 20. Why do Southwest Monsoon winds bring rainfall to India?

a) They blow from land to sea
b) They blow over warm oceans and gather moisture
c) They originate in cold deserts
d) They carry dust particles

Answer: b) They blow over warm oceans and gather moisture

Question 21. Coriolis force is caused by:

a) Ocean currents
b) Earth’s rotation
c) Altitude difference
d) Pressure belts

Answer: b) Earth’s rotation

Question 22. Coriolis force is responsible for:

a) Rainfall
b) Wind deflection
c) Increase in temperature
d) Rise of ocean currents

Answer: b) Wind deflection

Question 23. In the northern hemisphere, Coriolis force deflects winds towards:

a) Right
b) Left
c) North
d) South

Answer: a) Right

Question 24. In the southern hemisphere, Coriolis force deflects winds towards: