Differing Strands Within The Movement Concept & Notes PDF Free

Topic & sub-topics covered: Differing Strands within the Movement, The Movement in the Towns, Rebellion in the Countryside, Swaraj in the Plantations: Nationalism in India (All single detail notes that are exam-oriented).

We have discussed in-depth and exam-oriented pointers that can be asked in the board exam of class 10th about “Differing Strands within the Movement” which is taken from the NCERT History book for class 10th chapter no. 2 “Nationalism in India”.

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NCERT History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Notes PDF for Class 10

Differing Strands within the Movement

1. Commencement of Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement (January 1921):

• The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was initiated in January 1921.
• Various social groups actively participated in the movement.
• Despite diverse goals, all participants responded to the common call for Swaraj.
• The term “Swaraj” served as a unifying factor for different segments of society.
• The term “Swaraj” held different meanings for different people.
• It reflected diverse aspirations and visions within the broader framework of the independence movement.

The Movement in the Towns

1. Middle-Class Participation:

• The movement initiated with active involvement from the middle class in urban areas.
• Notable contributions from students, teachers, and lawyers who boycotted government institutions.

2. Education Sector Impact:

• Thousands of students abandoned government-controlled schools and colleges.
• Headmasters and teachers resigned, reflecting widespread dissent against British-controlled education.

3. Legal Sector Boycott:

• Lawyers played a significant role by relinquishing their legal practices.
• Symbolized non-cooperation with the British legal system.

4. Council Elections Boycott:

• Council elections were boycotted in most provinces.
• Exception in Madras, where the Justice Party participated to gain non-Brahman representation.

5. Economic Impact:

• Dramatic effects on the economic front, including the boycott of foreign goods.
• Picketing of liquor shops and burning foreign cloth in bonfires showcased widespread opposition.

6. Boycott of Foreign Goods:

• Import of foreign cloth reduced significantly between 1921 and 1922.
• Merchants and traders joined the movement by refusing to deal with foreign goods.

7. Promotion of Swadeshi:

• The Swadeshi movement gained momentum as people discarded imported clothes for Indian ones.
• Boosted production in Indian textile mills and handlooms.

8. Challenges Faced:

• Economic challenges arose as Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth.
• Boycotting British institutions required the establishment of viable Indian alternatives.

9. Slow Progress of Alternative Institutions:

• The success of the movement depended on the creation of Indian institutions to replace British ones.
• Slow development of alternatives led to a gradual decline in the momentum of the movement.

10. Return to Government Institutions:

• The movement faced challenges, leading students, teachers, and lawyers to return to government institutions.
• The lack of affordable alternatives and the slow development of Indian institutions contributed to the shift.

Rebellion in the Countryside

1. Spread to Rural Areas:

• Non-Cooperation Movement expanded from cities to rural regions.
• Incorporated the struggles of peasants and tribals.

2. Awadh Peasant Movement:

• Led by Baba Ramchandra against oppressive talukdars and landlords.
• Peasants demanded reduced revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycotts of landlords.
• Formation of the Oudh Kisan Sabha in October 1920, led by Jawaharlal Nehru.

3. Peasant Grievances:

• Peasants faced high rents, begar, and insecurity of tenure.
• Social boycott strategies like nai–dhobi bandhs were employed against landlords.

4. Integration with Non-Cooperation Movement:

• Congress aimed to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the broader Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Efforts to align peasant aspirations with the Gandhian call for non-cooperation.

5. Forms of Peasant Protest:

• The peasant movement took forms that Congress leadership was uneasy with.
• Attacks on talukdars’ houses, looting of bazaars, and takeover of grain hoards.
• Local leaders invoked Gandhiji’s name to justify non-payment of taxes and land redistribution.

6. Tribal Interpretation:

• Tribal peasants interpreted Mahatma Gandhi’s message and Swaraj differently.
• A guerrilla movement in Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh, challenging forest closures by the colonial government.

7. Alluri Sitaram Raju:

• Leader of the Gudem Hills movement claimed special powers and divine incarnation.
• Advocated the use of force for India’s liberation, contrasting with Gandhiji’s non-violent approach.
• Rebels attacked police stations and engaged in guerrilla warfare.

8. Execution of Raju:

• Raju was captured and executed in 1924.
• Became a folk hero over time, despite the use of force in the rebellion.

Swaraj in the Plantations

1. Worker’s Notion of Freedom:

• Plantation workers in Assam had their interpretation of freedom under Mahatma Gandhi.
• Freedom, for them, meant the right to move freely and maintain a connection with their native villages.

2. Impact of the Inland Emigration Act:

• Plantation workers were restricted by the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, preventing them from leaving tea gardens without permission.
• Non-Cooperation Movement inspired thousands of workers to defy authorities, leave plantations, and return home.

3. Expectations of Gandhi Raj:

• Workers believed that the Non-Cooperation Movement would bring about Gandhi Raj.
• Envisioned a scenario where everyone would be allocated land in their villages.

4. Obstacles and Brutal Repression:

• Workers faced obstacles during their journey home, encountering a railway and steamer strike.
• Police intervention led to brutal beatings, preventing them from reaching their destination.

5. Diverse Interpretations of Swaraj:

• Movements had diverse visions not aligned with the Congress programme.
• Interpretations of swaraj varied, imagining it as a time free from suffering and troubles.

6. Tribal Chants and Emotional Connection:

• Tribals, while chanting Gandhiji’s name and demanding ‘Swatantra Bharat,’ emotionally connected to an all-India agitation.
• Identification with the Congress movement extended beyond local boundaries.

7. Local and All-India Agitation:

• Movements acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi and associated with the Congress, showcasing identification with a broader, all-India agitation.
• Visions extended beyond the immediate locality, reflecting a sense of collective struggle and aspiration for freedom.

Next & Previous Topics of NCERT/CBSE History Class 10 Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

Topics No.	Topics Name
0 (Introduction)	Introduction To Nationalism In India
1	The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
2	Differing Strands within the Movement
3	Towards Civil Disobedience
4	The Sense of Collective Belonging